Introduction to Nonferrous Metals Knowledge

1、 Classification of non-ferrous metals
(1) Non ferrous pure metals are divided into five categories: heavy metals, light metals, precious metals, semi metals, and rare metals.
(2) Non-ferrous alloy
Classified by alloy system: heavy non-ferrous metal alloys, light  non ferrous alloys, precious metal alloys, rare metal alloys, etc; According to the purpose of the alloy, it can be divided into: deformation (alloy for pressure processing), casting alloy, bearing alloy, printing alloy, hard alloy, solder, intermediate alloy, metal powder, etc.
(3) Nonferrous materials
Classified by chemical composition: copper and copper alloy materials, aluminum and aluminum alloy materials, lead and lead alloy materials, nickel and nickel alloy materials, metal etching titanium and titanium alloy materials. When classified by shape, it can be divided into: plate, strip, strip, foil, tube, bar, wire, type, etc.
2、 Representation method of product brand
(1) Naming principles: The naming of non-ferrous metal and alloy product grades requires the use of Chinese pinyin letters or international element symbols as the subject word code to indicate their category, such as L or AL for aluminum, T or Cu for copper. After the theme word, it is represented by combining the numerical order of ingredients with the product category. The code after the subject word can indicate the state, characteristics, or main components of the product, such as LF being an aluminum (L) alloy that is resistant to (F) rust; LD is an aluminum (L) alloy used for forging (D); LY is a hard (Y) aluminum (L) alloy, and the theme word for these three alloys is aluminum alloy (L). For example, QSn is a type of copper with tin (Sn) as the main additive element; QAL9-4 indicates that green (Q) copper contains aluminum (AL), with 9% aluminum added and 4% other added elements. The theme word for these two alloys is bronze (Q). Therefore, the product code is represented by a combination of Chinese pinyin letters, chemical element symbols, and Arabic numerals for the subject words specified in the standard (GB340-78).
The status, processing methods, and feature codes of non-ferrous metal and alloy products are represented by the prescribed Chinese pinyin letters. For example, R (hot) for hot processing, C (quenched) for quenching, B (not) for non aluminum coating, and X (fine) for fine particles. But there are also a few exceptions, such as high-quality surface O (visualized as perfect), etc.
§ 2 Copper and copper alloys
1、 Pure copper
Pure copper is a rose red metal with a purple color after the formation of a copper oxide film on the surface. Therefore, industrial pure copper is often referred to as purple copper or electrolytic copper. The density is 8-9g/cm3, and the melting point is 1083 ° C. Pure copper has good conductivity and is widely used in the manufacturing of wires, cables, brushes, etc; Good thermal conductivity, commonly used to manufacture magnetic instruments and meters that require protection against magnetic interference, such as compasses and aviation instruments; Excellent plasticity, easy to hot press and cold press processing, can be made into copper materials such as pipes, bars, wires, strips, plates, foils, etc. There are two types of pure copper products: smelted products and processed products.
2、 Copper alloy
(1) Brass
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The simplest brass is a copper zinc binary alloy, known as simple brass or ordinary brass. Changing the zinc content in brass can yield brass with different mechanical properties. The higher the zinc content in brass, the higher its strength and slightly lower its plasticity. The zinc content of brass used in industry does not exceed 45%, and a higher zinc content will lead to brittleness and deterioration of alloy properties.
In order to improve a certain performance of brass parts, brass added with other alloy elements on the basis of monobasic brass is called special brass. The commonly used alloying elements include silicon, aluminum, tin, lead, manganese, iron, and nickel. Adding aluminum to brass can improve its yield strength and corrosion resistance, while slightly reducing its plasticity. Brass containing less than 4% aluminum has excellent comprehensive properties such as processing and casting. Adding 1% tin to brass can significantly improve its resistance to seawater and marine atmospheric corrosion, hence it is called “naval brass”. Tin can also improve the cutting performance of brass. The main purpose of adding lead to brass is to improve its cutting ability and wear resistance, and lead has little effect on the strength of brass. Manganese brass has good mechanical properties, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance; Adding aluminum to manganese brass can also improve its performance and obtain castings with a smooth surface. Brass can be divided into two types of products: casting and pressure processing. The chemical composition of commonly used processed brass
(2) Bronze
Bronze is the earliest alloy used in history, originally referring to copper tin alloy. Due to its bluish gray color, it is called bronze. In order to improve the technological and mechanical properties of alloys, other alloying elements such as lead, zinc, phosphorus, etc. are also added to most bronze. Due to tin being a scarce element, many tin free Wuxi bronze is also used in industry, which is not only cheap but also has the required special properties. Wuxi bronze mainly includes aluminum bronze, beryllium bronze, manganese bronze, silicon bronze, etc. In addition, there are ternary or quaternary bronze with more complex components. Nowadays, all copper alloys except for brass and white copper (copper nickel alloy) are called bronze.
Tin bronze has high mechanical properties, good corrosion resistance, friction reduction, and good casting performance; Low sensitivity to overheating and gases, good welding performance, no ferromagnetism, and low shrinkage coefficient. Tin bronze has higher corrosion resistance than brass in atmosphere, seawater, fresh water, and steam. Aluminum bronze has higher mechanical properties, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, cold resistance, heat resistance, and non ferromagnetism than tin bronze. It has good flowability and no segregation tendency, and can obtain dense castings. Adding elements such as iron, nickel, and manganese to aluminum bronze can further improve the various properties of the alloy. Bronze is also divided into two categories: pressure processed and cast products.
(3) White copper
Copper based alloys with nickel as the main additive element are silver white and are called white cnc turningcopper. Copper nickel binary alloy is called ordinary white copper, and copper nickel alloy with elements such as manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminum is called complex white copper. Pure copper with nickel can significantly improve strength, corrosion resistance, resistance, and thermoelectric properties. Industrial white copper is divided into two types based on its performance characteristics and uses: structural white copper and electrical white copper, which meet various corrosion resistance and special electrical and thermal properties.
3、 Copper material
Copper materials are made of pure copper or copper alloys in various shapes, including rods, wires, plates, strips, strips, tubes, foils, etc. The processing of copper materials includes rolling, extrusion, and drawing methods. The plates and bars in copper materials are hot-rolled and cold-rolled; And both strip and foil are cold rolled; Pipes and bars are divided into extruded products and drawn products; The wires are all drawn.
§ 3 Aluminum and aluminum alloys
Aluminum is a light metal with a low density (2.79/Cm3) and good strength and plasticity. Aluminum alloys have good strength, with superhard aluminum steel convex compression spring having a strength of up to 600Mpa and ordinary hard aluminum alloys having a tensile strength of 200-450Mpa. Its specific stiffness is much higher than that of steel, making it widely used in mechanical manufacturing. Aluminum ranks third in conductivity after silver and copper, and is used to manufacture various wires. Aluminum has good thermal conductivity and can be used as various heat dissipation materials. Aluminum also has good corrosion resistance and good plasticity, making it suitable for various pressure processing.
Aluminum alloys can be divided into deformed aluminum alloys and cast aluminum alloys according to processing methods. Deformed aluminum alloys are further divided into non heat-treatable and heat-treatable strengthened aluminum alloys. Non heat treatable reinforced type cannot improve mechanical properties through heat treatment, and can only be strengthened through cold working deformation. It mainly includes high-purity aluminum, industrial high-purity aluminum, industrial pure aluminum, and rust resistant aluminum. Heat treatable reinforced aluminum alloys can improve their mechanical properties through heat treatment methods such as quenching and aging. They can be divided into hard aluminum, forged aluminum, superhard aluminum, and special aluminum alloys.
Aluminum alloys can be heat treated to achieve good mechanical properties, physical properties, and corrosion resistance.
Cast aluminum alloys can be divided into aluminum 7075 silicon alloys, aluminum copper alloys, aluminum magnesium alloys, and aluminum zinc alloys according to their chemical composition.
1、 Pure aluminum products
Pure aluminum is divided into two categories: smelting products and pressure processed products. The former is represented by the chemical composition Al, while the latter is represented by the Chinese pinyin LG (aluminum, industrial).
2、 Pressure processed aluminum alloy
Aluminum alloy pressure processing products are divided into seven categories: rust prevention (LF), hard (LY), forging (LD), superhard (LC), coating (LB), special (LT), and brazing (LQ). The commonly used aluminum alloy materials have three states: annealing (M soaking), hardening (Y), and hot rolling (R).
3、 Aluminum material
Aluminum and aluminum alloys are collectively referred to as materials processed into certain shapes, including plates, strips, foils, tubes, rods, wires, shapes, etc.
4、 Cast aluminum alloy
Cast aluminum alloys (ZL) are classified into four categories based on the main elements other than aluminum, silicon, copper, magnesium, and zinc, with code codes of 100, 200, 300, and 400, respectively.
5、 High strength aluminum alloy
High strength aluminum alloys refer to aluminum alloys with tensile strength greater than 480 MPa, mainly including hard aluminum alloys, superhard aluminum alloys, and casting alloys in pressure processing aluminum alloys.